Description douglas comer takes a clear and concise approach to computerarchitecture that students love. By exploring the fundamentalconcepts from a programmer's perspective and explaining programmingconsequences, this unique text covers exactly the material studentsneed to understand and construct efficient and correct programs formodern hardware. Comprehensive presentation of the basics educates programmers on the three essential areas of architecture (processors, memories, and i/o systems), and helps them improve program efficiency by understanding the consequences of programming choices and allowing them to pinpoint sources of bugs. Conceptual focus approaches the material from a programmer's point of view. Comprehensive coverage of data representation emphasizes essential programming concepts such as twos-compliment arithmetic and ranges of integer values. Advanced material includes high-level topics like parallelism, pipelining, and performance. Lab exercises provides exercises appropriate for a hands-on lab, including using a solderless breadboard, clocks and demultiplexing, and hex dump programs in both c and assembly language. Accompanying website features class presentation materials, text and lab exercises, and submissions from fellow instructors. Part i: basics 1. Introduction and overview 2.fundamentals of digital logic 3. Data and programrepresentation part ii: processors 4. The variety of processors andcomputational engines 5. Processor types and instruction sets 6.operand addressing and instruction representation 7. Cpus:microcode, protection, and processor modes 8. Assembly languagesand programming paradigm part iii: memories 9. Memory and storage 10. Physicalmemory and physical addressing 11. Virtual memory technologies andvirtual addressing 12. Caches and caching part iv: input and output 13. Input / output concepts andterminology 14. Buses and bus architectures 15. Programmed andinterrupt-driven i/o 16. A programmer's view - from Amzon